Etiology of the Hypopharynx Squamous Cell Carcinoma
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32635/2176-9745.RBC.2000v46n2.3418Keywords:
Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms/etiology, Prognosis, CarcinogenesisAbstract
Carcinogenesis is the change on the cell growth control due to a prolonged exposition to any agent with mutagenic potential Smoking is an important factor for pharyngeal cancer, specially when associated to alcohol use. Some nutritional factors are also related, such as in Plummer-Vinson syndrome, in which there is iron deficience. Nevertheless, there are people with no exposition to these factors who develop cancer. So it means that individual host factors must be considered. Males and people in the sixth and seventh decades present a higher incidence of pharyngeal cancer. Exposure to some inhalant substances is considered na element of risk. Previous tumor, radiation therapy exposure, contact with human Papilomavirus, and less frequently Epstein-Barr virus are also mentioned. The occurrence of family cases is an indicator of the role of genetics. The oncogens activation and supressor genes inactivation are strongly suggested as important components. Both have been associated to a worse prognosis of the tumor and have been considered as efficient tumor markers. Nowadays, the genetic componente and the cell nuclear changes induced by externai factors are being strongly correlated to carcinogenesis in carcinoma of hypopharynx.
Downloads
References
PILLSBURY III, H. C. & CLARK, M.: A rationale for therapy of the N0 neck. Laryngoscope, 107: 1294- 315, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005537-199710000-00004
CASSISI, N. J.: Clinical evaluation of pharyngeal tumors. In Thawley, S. E. & Panje, W. R.: Comprehensive Management of Head and Neck Tumors, volume 1, Saunders, Philadelphia, 1989, pp. 614-29.
SPITZ, M. R.: Epidemiology and risk factors for head and neck cancer. Sem Oncol, 21: 281-8, 1994.
SALEH, E. M.; ABDULLWAHAB, A. A.; KAMMAL, M. M.: Age and sex incidence of hypopharyngeal tumours in Upper Egypt: Assuit University experience. J Laryngol Otol, 109: 737-40, 1995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022215100131184
LA VECCHIA, C.; BOYLE, R; FRANCESCHI, S.; LEVI, R; MAISONNEUVE, R; NEGRI, E.; LUCCHINI, R; SMANS, M.: Smoking and cancer with emphasis on Europe. Eur J Cancer, 27: 94-104, 1991. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-5379(91)90071-K
ESTEVE, ].; RIBOLI, E.; PEQUIGNOT, G.; TERRACINI, B.; MERLETTI, F.; CROSIGNANI, P; ASCUNCE, N.; ZUBIRI, L.; BLANCHET, R; RAYMOND, L.; REPETTO, R; TUYNS, A. J.: Diet and cancers of tbe larynx and bypopharynx: the lARC multi-center study in Southwestern Europe. Cancer Causes Control, 7: 240-52, 1996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00051300
MacFARLANE, G. J.; EVSTIFEEVA, T. V.; SCULLY, C.; BOYLE, R: The descriptive epidemiology of pharyngeal cancer in Scotland. Eur J Epidemiol, 9: 587-90, 1993. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00211431
RIBOLI, E.; KAAKS, R.; ESTEVE,].: Nutrition and laryngeal cancer. Cancer Causes Control, 7: 147- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00115645
1996.
DECKER, J. & GOLDSTEIN, J. C.: Risk factors in head and neck cancer. N Eng J Med, 306: 1151-5, 1982. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198205133061905
ROTHMAN, K. J.; CANN. G. í.; FRIED, M. P.: Carcinogenicity of dark liquor. Am J Public Health, 79: 1516-20, 1989. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.79.11.1516
RICHTER, B.; MARANGOS, N.; JERON, A.; IRSCHEID, S.: Drei unterschiedlidhe malignome des aerodigestivtrakces nach chronischem abusus von cannabisprodukten. HNO, 43: 728-31, 1995.
MAIER, H.; FISCHER, G.; SENNEWALD, E.; HELLER, W.-D.: Berufliche risikofaktoren für rachenkrebs. HNO, 42: 530-40, 1994.
MARKS, J. E.: Treatment of tumors of the hypopharynx - Radiation therapy In Thawley, S. E. & Panje, W. R.: Comprehensive management of Head and Neck Tumors, volume 1, Saunders, Philadelphia, 1989, pp. 756-74.
HOFFMAN, R. M. & JAFFE, P. E.: Plummer-Vinson syndrome. A case report and literature review. Arch Intern Med, 155: 2008-1 1, 1995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1995.00430180122014
MOHANDAS, K. M.; SWAROOP, V. S.; DESAI, D. C.; DHIR, V; NAGRAL, A.; IVER, G.: Upper esophageal webs, iron deficiency anemia, and esophageal cancer. Am J Gastroenterol, 86: 117-18, 1991.
KANDA, J. L.: Tumores múltiplos das vias aerodigestivas superiores, análise dos fatores de risco no aparecimento da segunda lesão. Tese de Mestrado apresentada ao Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ororrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço da Escola Paulista de Medicina. São Paulo, 1992, 213p.
ROBINSON, E.: Second primary tumors in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer, 76: 1684-5, 1995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19951101)76:9<1684::AID-CNCR2820760931>3.0.CO;2-V
MEREDITH, S. D.; LEVINE, P. A.; BURNS, J. A.; GAFFEY, M. J.; BOYD, J. C.; WEISS, L. M.; ERICKSON, N. L.; WILLIAMS, M. E.: Chromosome 11q13 amplification in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Association with poor prognosis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 121: 790-4, 1995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.1995.01890070076016
SHIMADA, M.; HORII.A.; SASAKI, S.; YANAGISAWA, A.; KATO, Y.; YAMASHITA, K.; OKAGAWA, K.; YAMASAKI, K.; ISHIGURO, S.; INOUE, M.; SHIOZAKI, H.; NAKAMURA, Y: Infrequent replication errors at microsatellite loci in tumors of patients with multiple primary cancers ol the esophagus and various other tissues. Jpn J Cancer Res, 86: 511-5, 1995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.1995.tb02427.x
PEARSON, J. G.: The radiotherapy of carcinoma of the oesophagus and postcricoid region in South-east Scotland. Clin Radiol, 17: 242-6, 1966. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-9260(66)80030-2
TYAN. Y.-S.; LIU, S.-T; ONG, W.-R.; CHEN, M.-L.; SHU, C.-H.; CHANG, Y.-S.: Detection of Epstein-Barr virus and Human Papillomavirus in head and neck tumors. J Clin Microbiol, 31: 53-6, 1993. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.31.1.53-56.1993
LINDBERG, H. & KROGDAHL, A.: Laryngeal dysplasia and the human papillomavirus. Clin Otolaryngol, 22: 382-6, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2273.1997.00005.x
HOWLEY, P M.: Role of the human papillomavirus in human cancer. Câncer Res Suppl, 51: 5019-22, 1991.
KNUDSON, JR, A.: Genetics of tumors of the head and neck. Arch Otolarynml Head Neck Surg, 119: 735-7, 1993. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.1993.01880190031006
RODRIGO TAPIA, J. P; ALVAREZ ALVAREZ, I.; MARTINEZ SANCHEZ, J. A.; LAZO, P. S.; RAMOS, S.; SAMPEDRO NUNO, A.; SUAREZ NIETO, C.: Relación entre el virus del papiloma humano y el contenido celular de ADN en los carcinomas epidermoides de cabeza y cuello. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp, 47: 343-7, 1996.
ZHOU, L.; MIYAGI, Y; HIROSHI, E.; TANAKA,Y.; AOKI, I.; TSUKUDA, M.: Evaluation of Epstein-Baar Virus infection in hypopharyngeal carcinomas from 37 japanese patients. Mod Pathol, 11: 509-12, 1998.
PYD, M.; RZEWNICKI, I.; SUWAYACH, U.: ABO blood groups in patients with laryngeal and hypopharyngeal câncer. Otolaryngol Pol, 49 Suppl 20: 396-8, 1995.
SAUNDERS, J. R.: The genetic basis of head and neck carcinoma. Am J Surg, 174: 459-61, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9610(97)00161-X
FRANK, J. L; BUR, M. E.; GARB, J. L; DAY, S.; WARE, J. L.; SISMANIS, A.; NEIFELD, J. P: p53 tumor suppressor oncogene expression in squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx. Cancer, 73: 181-6, 1994. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19940101)73:1<181::AID-CNCR2820730131>3.0.CO;2-3
MORITA, M.; KUWANO, H.; NAKASHIMA, T; TAKETOMI, A.; BABA, H.; SAITO, T.; TOMODA, H.; EGASHIRA, A.; KAWAGUSHI, H.; KITAMURA, K.; SUGIMACHI, K.: Family aggregation of carcinoma of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus: special reference to multiplicity of cancer in upper aerodigestive tract. Int J Cancer, 76: 468-81, 1998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19980518)76:4<468::AID-IJC4>3.0.CO;2-P
WILLIAMS, M. E.; GAFFEY, M. J.; WEISS, L. M.; WILGZYNSKI, S. P; SCHUURING, E.; LEVINE, P. A.: Chromosome 11q13 amplification in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 119: 1238-43, 1993. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.1993.01880230084013
RODRIGO TAPIA, J. R; MARTINEZ SANCHEZ, J. A.; SANCHEZ LAZO, R; RAMOS, S.; SAMPEDRO NUNO, A.; SUZREZ NIETO, C.; Amplificación del oncogen c-erbBa y contenido celular de ADN en los carcinomas epidermoides de cabeza y cuell. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp, 47: 97-103, 1996.
REPASSY, G.; FORSTER-HORVATH, C.; JUHASZ, A.; ADANY, R.; TAMASSY, A.; TIMAR, J.: Expression of invasion markers CD44v6/v3, NM23 and MMP2 in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res, 4: 14-21, 1998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02904689
COPPER, M. R; JOVANOVIC, A.; NAUTA, J. J. P; BRAAKHUIS, B. J. M.; DE VRIES, N.; VAN DER WAAL, I.; SNOW, G. B.: Role of genetic factors in the etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 121: 157-60, 1995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.1995.01890020019005
ROWLEY, H.; ROLAND, N. J.; HELLIWELL, T. R.; CASLIN, A.; KINSELLA, A. R.; JONES, A. S.: p53 protein expression in tumours from head and neck subsites, larynx and hypopharynx, and differences in relationship to survival. Clin Otolaryngol, 23: 57-62, 1998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2273.1998.00087.x
