Evaluación de la Mucositis oral y sus Factores de Riesgo en Pacientes con Cáncer de Cabeza y Cuello Sometidos a Tratamiento de Radioterapia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32635/2176-9745.RBC.2025v71n3.5267Palabras clave:
Neoplasias de la Boca, Radioterapia, Estomatitis, Factores de RiesgoResumen
Introducción: La mucositis oral es una enfermedad dolorosa y debilitante, que a menudo se observa como un efecto adverso agudo del tratamiento antineoplásico. Los factores de riesgo relacionados con el paciente, como la edad y género, así como las variables del tratamiento, como la dosis y el área irradiada, pueden influir en la gravedad de la mucositis, impactando negativamente en la calidad de vida de los pacientes con cáncer y en el progreso del tratamiento. Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia de la mucositis oral e identificar los principales factores de riesgo asociados a su aparición y severidad en pacientes con cáncer de cabeza y cuello sometidos a radioterapia. Método: Estudio observacional transversal de naturaleza retrospectiva, basado en el análisis de 209 historias clínicas de pacientes atendidos en el Hospital del Cáncer de Muriaé entre 2018 y 2022. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron una asociación significativa entre el sexo femenino y la aparición de mucositis (p=0,020), así como tumores localizados en la lengua y boca (p=0,022). El uso de sonda nasoenteral también se asoció a un empeoramiento de la mucositis (p<0,001), con el aumento del uso de acuerdo con el grado de lesión. Los pacientes con xerostomía presentaron mayor predisposición a desarrollar la enfermedad (p=0,019). Además, la mucositis fue más prevalente y grave en los pacientes sometidos a radioterapia con fines curativos, en comparación con los paliativos (p=0,001 y p=0,013, respectivamente). Conclusión: Factores como sexo, localización del tumor, xerostomía, uso de sonda y tipo de radioterapia influyen directamente en la aparición y gravedad de la mucositis oral. Estos hallazgos refuerzan la importancia de las estrategias de prevención individualizadas para un manejo más efectivo de esta condición.
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