Revisão e atualização sobre carcinogênese química cutânea
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32635/2176-9745.RBC.1995v41n2.2933Palabras clave:
Carcinogênese, Iniciação, Promoção, PeleResumen
A pele de camundongo tem uma longa história como modelo experimental vantajoso no estudo da carcinogênese. As informações adquiridas através da indução química de tumores cutâneos indicam que o desenvolvimento neoplásico consiste de múltiplas etapas. As pesquisas mais recentes têm elucidado alguns dos eventos moleculares e celulares essenciais nas etapas de iniciação, promoção e progressão. Este artigo descreve os conceitos atuais sobre carcinogênese química cutânea multifásica e os mecanismos biológicos relacionados à iniciação tumoral.
Descargas
Citas
BOUTWELL, R.K. - Some biological aspects of skin carcinogenesis. Prog Exp Tumor Res, 4:207-50, 1964. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000385978
VAN LANCKER, J.L. - Molecular and cellular mechanisms in disease. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp 970-988, 1976. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65967-6
SELKIRK, J.K. - Chemical carcinogenesis: a brief over-view of the mechanism of action of polycyclic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, nitrosamines, and aflatoxins. In: Siaga TJ, ed. Modifiers of chemical carcinogenesis: an approach to the biochemical mechanism and cancer prevention. New York, Raven Press, pp 1-31, 1980.
YUSPA, SH.; HENNINGS, H.; SAFFIOTTI, U. - Cutaneous chemical carcinogenesis: past, present and future. J Invest Dermatol, 67:199-208, 1976. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12513040
ROUS, P.; KIDD, J.G. - Conditional neoplasms and subthreshold neoplastic states. A study of tar tumors in rabbits. J Exp Med, 73365-389, 1941.
FRIEDWALD, W.F.; ROUS, P. - The initiating and promoting elements in tumor production. J Exp Med, 80:101-125, 1944. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.80.2.101
BERENBLUM, I. - The cocarcinogenic action of cróton resin. Cancer Res, 1:44-48, 1941.
SAFFIOTTI, U.; SCHUBICK, P. - Studies on promoting action in skin carcinogenesis. Nati Cancer Inst Monogr, 10.489-507, 1963.
VAN DUUREN, B.L. - Tumor promoting agents in two-stage carcinogenesis. Prog Exp Tumor Res, 11.51-68, 1969.
SCHMIDT, R.J.; EVANS, F.J. - Skin irritant effects of esters of phorbol and related polyols. Arch Toxicol, 44.279-289, 1980. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00278035
SALAMAN, M.H.; ROE, F.J.C. - Cocarcinogenesis. Br Med Bull, 20:139-144, 1964. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a070307
VAN DUUREN, B.L.; SIVAK, A. - Tumor-promoting agents from Croton tiglium L. and their mode of action. Cancer Res, 28:2349-2356, 1968.
BOUIWELL, R.K.; VERMA, A.K.; ASHENDEL, C.L.; ASTRUP, E. - Mouse skin: a useful model system for studying the mechanism of chemical carcinogenesis. Carcinog Compr Su,i,, 7:1-12, 1982.
BERENBLUM, I.; SHUBICK, P. - The role of croton oil applications, assocated with a single painting of carcinogen, in tumor induction of the mouse's skin. Br J Cancer, 1379-382, 1947. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1947.35
BERENBLUM, I.; SHUBICK, P. - A new, quantitative approach to the study of the stages of chemical carcinogenesis in mouse's skin. Br J Cancer, 1383-391, 1947.
BERENBLUM, I.; HARAN, N. - The significance of the sequence of initiating and promoting actions in the process of skin carcinogenesis in the mouse. Br J Cancer, 9:268-271, 1955. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1955.23
BERENBLUM, I.; SHUBICK, P. - The persistence of atent tumor cells induced in the mouse's skin by a single application of 9,10-dimethyl-1 2-benzanthracene. Br J Cancer, 3384-386, 1949. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1949.42
POUND, A.W.; WITHERS, H.R. - The influence of some irritant chemicals and scarification on tumour initiation by urethane in mice. Br J Cancer, 17:460-470, 1963. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1963.61
POUND, A.W. - Carcinogenesis and cell proliferation. N Z Med J, 67:88-99, 1968.
HECKER, E. - Cocarcinogenic principies from the seed of Croton tiglium and from other Euphorbiaceae. Cancer Res, 28:2338-2348, 1968.
SCRIBNER, J.D.; SÜSS, A. - Tumor initiation and promotion. Int Rev Exp Pathol, 18:137-198, 1978.
WEINSTEIN, l.B.; TROLL, W. - National Cancer Institute workshop on tumor promotion and cofactors in carcinogenesis. Cancer Res, 37.3461-3463, 1977.
COLBURN, N.H.: FARBER, E.: WEINSTEIN, l.B.: DIAMOND, L.; SLAGA, T.J. - American Cancer Society workshop on tumor promotion and antipromotion. Cancer Res, 47: 5509-5513, 1987.
SLAGA, T.J.; FISCHER, S.M.; NELSON, K.; GLEASON, G.L. - Studies on the mechanism of skin tumor promotion: evidence for several stages in promotion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 773659-3663, 1980. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.77.6.3659
SLAGA, T.J.; FISCHER, S.M.; WEEKS, C.E., KLEIN-SZANTO, A.J.P. - Multistage chemical carcinogenesis in mouse skin. Curr Probl Dermatol, 10:193-218, 1980. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000396290
FÜRSTENBERGER, a; BERRY, DL.; SORG, B.; MARKS, F. - Skin tumor promotion by phorbol esters is a two-stage process. Proc Nati Acad Sci USA, 78:7722-7726, 1981. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.78.12.7722
FÜRSTENBERGER, G.; SORG, B.; MARKS, F.-Tumor promotion by phorbol esters in skin: evidence for a memory effect. Science, 220.89-91, 1983. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6828884
SLAGA, T.J.; BUTLER, A.P. - Cellular and biochemical changes during multistage skin tumor promotion. Int Symp Princess Takamatsu Cancer Res Fund, 14.291- 301, 1983.
MARKS, F; FÜRSTENBERGER, G. – Experimental evidence that skin carcinogenesis is a multistep phenomenon. Br J Dermatol, 115:1-8, 1986. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1986.tb02100.x
SLAGA, T.J.; FISCHER, S.M.; WEEKS, C.E.; KLEIN-SZANTO, A.J.P.; REINERS, J. - Studies on the mechanisms invoived in multistage carcinogenesis in mouse skin. J CelI Biochem, 18.99-119, 1982. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.1982.240180109
SLAGA, T.J.; FISCHER, S.M.; WEEKS, C.E.; NELSON, K.; MAMRACK, M.; KLEIN-SZANTO, A.J.P. – Specificity and mechanism(s) of promoter inhibitors in multistage promotion. Carcinog Compr Surv, 7:19-34, 1982.
SLAGA, T.J.; KLEIN-SZANTO, A.J.P. - lnitiation-promotion versus complete skin carcinogenesis in mice: importance of dark basal keratinocytes (stem cells). Cancer Invest, 1:425-436, 1983. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/07357908309048511
BOUTWELL, R.K. - On the role of tumour promotion in chemical carcinogenesis. IARC Sci Pubi, 563-11, 1984.
HENNINGS, H.; YUSPA, S.H. - Two-stage tumor promotion in mouse skin: an alternative interpretation. JNCI, 74:735-740, 1985.
SLAGA, TJ.; KLEIN-SZANTO, A.J.P.; TRIPLETT, L.L.; YOTTI, L.P.; TROSKO, J.E. - Skin tumor-promoting activity of benzoyl peroxide, a wideiy used free radical-generating compound. Science, 213: 1023-1025, 1981. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6791284
KLEIN-SZANTO, A.J.P.; SLAGA, T.J. - Effects of peroxides on rodent skin: epidermal hyperpiasia and tumor promotion. J Invest Dermatol, 7930-34, 1982. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12510444
REINERS JR. J.J.; NESNOW, S.; SLAGA, TJ. – Murine susceptibihty to two-stage skin carcinogenesis is influenced by the agent used for promotion. Carcinogenesis, 5:301-307, 1984. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/5.3.301
IVERSEN, O.H. - Carcinogenesis studies with benzoyl peroxide (Panoxyi gei 5%). J Invest Dermatol, 86: 442-448, 1986. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12285787
IVERSEN, O.H. - Skin tumorigenesis and carcinogenesis studies with 7,12-dimethyibenz[a] anthracene, uitraviolet hght, benzoyi peroxide (Panoxyl gel 5%) and ointment gel. Carcinogenesis, 9:803-809, 1988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/9.5.803
Dl GIOVANNI, J.; WALKER, S.C.; BELTRAN, L.; NAITO, M.; EASTIN JR., W.C. - Evidence for a common genetic pathway controfling susceptibihty to mouse skin tumor promotion by diverse classes of promoting agents. Cancer Res, 51:1398-1405, 1991.
O'CONNELL, J.F.; KLEIN-SZANTO, A.J.; Dl GIOVANNI, D.M.; FRIES, J.W.; SLAGA, T.J. - Enhanced malignant progression of mouse skin tumors by the free-radical generator benzoyl peroxide. Cancer Res, 46.2863-2865, 1986.
IARC - Benzoyl peroxide. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risk. Chem Hum, 36.267-283, 1985.
JONES, G.R. - Skin cancer: risk to individuais using the tumour promoter benzoyl peroxide for acne treatment. Hum Toxicol, 4:75-78, 1985. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/096032718500400110
WATTS, P. - Peroxides, genes and cancer. Food Chem Toxicol, 23.957-960, 1985. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(85)90129-2
ZBINDEN, G. - Scientific opinion on the carcinogenic risk due to topicai administration of benzoyl peroxide for the treatment of acne vulgaris. Pharmacol Toxicol, 63307-309, 1988.
COTTERILL, J.A. - Benzoyl peroxide. Acta Derm Venereol (Stock), Suppl 89.57-63, 1980. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555895763
SHARRATT, M.; FRAZER, A.C.; FORBES, O.C. – Study of the biological effects of benzoyi peroxide. Fed Cosmet Toxicol, 2.527-538, 1964. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-6264(64)80351-5
HENNINGS, H.; BOUTWELL, R.K. - Studies on the mechanism of skin tumor promotion. Cancer Res, 30312-320, 1970.
MILLER, E.C. - Studies on the formation of protein-bound derivatives of 3,4-benzopyrene in the epidermal fraction of mouse skin. Cancer Res, 11:100-108, 1951.
BROOKES, P.; LAWLEY, P.D. - Evidence for the binding of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons to the nucleic acids of mouse skin: relation between carcinogenic hydrocarbons and their binding to deoxyribonucleic acid. Nature, 202:781-784, 1964. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/202781a0
GOSHMAN, L.M.; HEILDERBERG, C. - Binding of tritium-iabeled polycyciic hydrocarbons to DNA of mouse skin. Cancer Res, 27:1678-1688, 1967.
FARBER, E. - Possible etiologic mechanisms in chemical carcinogenesis. Environ Health Perspect, 75.64-70, 1987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.877564
EASTMAN, A.; BRESNICK, E. - Metabolism and DNA binding of 3-methylcholanthrene. Cancer Res, 39:4316- 4321, 1979.
LEVIN, W.; BUENING, M.K.; WOOD, A.W. et al. - Tumorigenic activity of 3-methyicholanthrene metabolites on mouse skin and in newborn mice. Cancer Res, 393549-3553, 1979.
CHOUROULINKOV, I.; GENTIL, A.; TIERNEY, B.; GROVER, P.L.; SlMS, P. - The initiation of tumours on mouse skin by dihydrodiols derived from 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene and 3-methyicholantrene. Int J Cancer, 24.455-460, 1979. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910240413
SAWYER, T.W.; BAER-DUBOWSKA, W.; CHANG, K.; CRYSUP, S.B.; HARVEY, R.G.; DI GIOVANNI, J. - Tumor-initiating activity of the bay-region dihydrodiols and diol-epoxides of dibenz[a,i] anthracene and cholanthrene on mouse skin. Carcinogenesis, 9:2203- 2207, 1988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/9.12.2203
HECHT, S.S.; AMIN, S.; HUIE, K.; MELIKIAN, A.A.; HARVEY, R.G. - Enhancing effect of a bay region methyl group on tumorigenicity in newborn mice and mouse skin of enantiomeric bay region diol epoxides formed stereoselectively from methylchrysenes in mouse epidermis. Cancer Res, 47: 5310-5315, 1987.
SAWYER, TW.; CHANG, K.; HARVEY, R.G.; DI GIOVANNI, J. - Futher investigations into the effect of non-benzo ring bay-region methyl substitutents on tumor-initiating activity of polyciclic hydrocarbons. Cancer Lett, 36317-324, 1987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3835(87)90025-5
RYSER, H.J.P. - Chemical carcinogenesis. New Engi J Med, 285:72 1 -734, 1971. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197109232851305
FARBER, E. - Chemical carcinogenesis: a biologic perspective. Am J Pathol, 106:271-296, 1982.
BERRIDGE, M.J. - The molecular basis of communication within the cell. Sci Am, 253:124-134, 1985. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1085-142
MARKS, F. - What's new in oncogenes and growth factors? Path Res Pract, 182.831-848, 1987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0344-0338(87)80050-X
BALMAIN, A.; BROWN, K; AKHURST, R.J.; FEE, F.M. - Molecular analysis of chemical carcinogenesis in the skin. Br J Cancer, 58(Suppl IX) :72-75, 1988.
PELLING, J.C.; ERNST, S.M.; STRAWHECKER, J.M.; JOHNSON, J.A.; NAIRN, R.S.; SLAGA, T.J. – Elevated expression of Ha-ras is an eariy event in two-stage skin carcinogenesis in SENCAR mice. Carcinogenesis, 7:1599-1602, 1986. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/7.9.1599
PELLING, J.C.; FISCHER, S.M.; NEADES, R.; STRAWHECKER, J.; SCHWEICKERT, L. – Elevated expression and point mutation of the Haras protooncogene in mouse skin tumors promoted by benzoyl peroxide and other promoting agents. Carcinogenesis, 81481-1484, 1987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/8.10.1481
HARPER, J.R.; REYNOLDS, S.H.; GREENHALGH, D.A.; STRICKLAND, J.E.; LACAL, J.C., YUSPA, S.H. - Analysis of the Ha-ras oncogene and its p21 product in chemically induced skin tumors and tumor-derived cell lines. Carcinogenesis, 8:1821-1825, 1987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/8.12.1821
YAMASAKI, H.; HOLLSTEIN, M.; MARTEL, N.; CABRAL, J.R.P.; GALENDO, D.; TOMATIS, L. - Transplacental induction of a specific mutation in fetal Haras and its critical role in post-natal carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer, 40:818-822, 1987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910400619
WONG, D.T.W.; GERTZ, R.; CHOW, P.etal. — Detection of Ki-ras messenger RNA in normal and chemically transformed hamster oral keratinocytes. Cancer Res, 49:4562-4567, 1989.
DIAZ-GUERRA, M.; HADDOW, 5.; BAULUZ, C. et a]. - Expression of simple epithelial cytokeratins in mouse epidermal keratinocytes harboring Harvey ras gene alteration. Cancer Res, 52.680-687, 1992.
WEINBERG, W.C.; MORGAN, D.L.; GEORGE, C.; YUPSA, S.H. - A comparison of interfoflicuiar and hair derived celis as targets for the v-ras{Ha{ oncogene in mouse skin carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis, 12:1119- 1124, 1991. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/12.6.1119
YUSPA, 5H.; HENNINGS, H.; LICHTTI, U. – initiator and promoter induced specific changes in epidermal function and biological potential. J Supramol Struct Cell Biochem, 17:245-257, 1981. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jsscb.380170306
YUSPA, S.H.; KULESZ-MARTIN, M.; BEN, T.; HEN-NINGS, H. - Transformation of epidermal ceUs in culture. J Invest Dermatol, 81:162s-168s, 1983. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12540999
YUSPA, S.H. - Mechanisms of initiation and promotion in mouse epidermis. IARC Sci Publ, 56:191-204, 1984.
KILKENNY, A.E.; MORGAN, D.; SPANGLER, E.F.; YUSPA, S.H. - Correlation of initiating potency to induce resistance to terminal differentiation in cultured mouse keratinocytes. Cancer Res, 45:2219-2225, 1985.
KAWAMURA, H.; STRICKLAND, J.E.; YUSPA, S.H. - Association of resistarice to terminal differentiation with initiation of carcinogenesis in adult mouse epidermal cells. Cancer Res, 45:2748-2752, 1985.
YUSPA, S.H.; MORGAN, D.L. - Mouse skin cells resistant to terminal differentiation associated with initiation of carcinogenesis. Nature, 293:72-74, 1981. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/293072a0
MILLER, D.R.; VIAJE, A.; ALDAZ, C.M.; CONTI, C.J.; SLAGA, T.J. - Terminal differentiation-resistant epidermal cells in mice undergoing two-stage carcinogenesis. Cancer Res, 47:1935-1940, 1987.
MILLER, D.R.; VIAJE, A.; ROTSTEIN, J.; ALDAZ, C.M.; CONTI, C.J.; SLAGA, T.J. - Induction of terminal differentiation-resistant epidermal cells in mouse skin and in papiliomas by different initiators during two-stage carcinogenesis. Cancer Res, 49:410-414, 1989.
WANG, J.C.; YAMAMOTO, S.; KATO, R. – Differential sensitivities of transplacentally initiated newborn mouse epidermal cells to clifferent tumor promoters. Carcinogenesis, 13251-257, 1992. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/13.2.251
YUSPA, S.H.; MORGAN, D.; LICHTI, U. et al. - Cultivation and characterization of celis derived from mouse skin papillomas induced by an anitiation-promotion protocol. Carcinogenesis, 7:949-958, 1986. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/7.6.949
RAICK, A.N.; RITCHIE, A.C. - Early ultrastructural and biochemical changes induced by croton oil fraction Al in mouse skin. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res, 11:65, 1970.
DELCLOS, KB.; NAGLE, D.S.; BLUMBERG, P.M. - Specific binding of phorbol ester tumor promoters to mouse skin. CelI, 19:1025-1032, 1980. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(80)90093-8
DRIEDGER, P.E.; BLUMBERG, P.M. - Specific binding of phorbol ester tumor promoters. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 77.567-571, 1980, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.77.1.567
SOLANSKI, V.; SLAGA, T.J. - Specific binding of phorbol ester tumor promoters to intact primary epidermal cells from Sencar mice. Proc Nati Acad Sci USA, 78:2549-2553, 1981. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.78.4.2549
HOROWITZ, A.D.; GREENEBAUM, E.; WEINSTEIN, I.B. - Identification of receptors for phorbol ester tumor promoters in intact mammalian celis and of an inhibitor of receptor binding in biologic fuids. Proc NatlAcad Sci USA, 782315-2319, 1981. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.78.4.2315
BLUMBERG, P.M.; DELCLOS, K.B.; DUNPHY, W.G.; JAKEN, S. - Specific binding of phorbol ester tumor promoters to mouse tissues and cultured cells. Carcinog Compr Surv, 7.519-535, 1982.
NIEDEL, J.E.; KUHN, L.J.; VANDENBARK, G.R. - Phorbol diester receptor copurifies with protein kinase C. Proc Nati Acad Sci USA, 80:36-40, 1983. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.80.1.36
LEACH, K.L.; JAMES, M.L.; BLUMBERG, P.M. - Characterization of a specific phorbol ester aporeceptor in mouse brain cytosol. Proc NatlAcad Sci USA, 80.4208-4212, 1983. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.80.14.4208
ASHENDEL, C.L.; STALLER, J.M.; BOUTWELL, R.K. - Solubilization, purification, and reconstitution of a phorbol ester receptor from the particuiate protein fraction of mouse brain. Cancer Res, 43:4327-4332, 1983.
ASHENDEL, C.L.; STALLER, J.M.; BOUTWELL, R.K. - Protein kinase activity associated with a phorbol ester receptor purified from mouse brain. Cancer Res, 43.4333-4337, 1983.
BOUTWELL, R.K.; TAKIGAWA, M.; VERMA, A.K.; ASHENDEL, C.L. - Observations on the mechanism of skin tumor promotion by phorbol esters. Int Symp Princess Takamatsu Cancer Res Fund, 14:177-193, 1983.
HANSEN, L.A.; MONTEIRO-RiViERE, N.A.; SMART, R.C. - Differentiai down-reguiation of epidermal protein kinase C by 12-0-tetradecanoyiphorboi-13-acetate and diacyigiyceroi: association with epidermal hyperpiasia and tumor promotion. Cancer Res, 50:5740-5745, 1990.
SOLANSKI, V.; SLAGA, T.J. - The down-moduiation of receptors for phorbol ester tumor promoter in primary epidermal celis. Carcinogenesis, 3.993-998, 1982. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/3.9.993
MARKS, F.; FURSTENBERGER, G. - Muitistage tumor promotion in skin. Int Symp Princess Takamatsu Cancer Res Fund, 14:273-287, 1983.
FURSTENBERGER, G.; MARKS, F - Growth stimulation and tumor promotion in skin. J Invest Dermatol, 81:157S162S, 1983. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12540971
FÜRSTENBERGER, G.; GROSS, M.; MARKS, F. - Eicosanoids and muitistage carcinogenesis in NMRI mouse skin: role of prostagiandins E and F in conversion (first stage of tumor promotion) and promotion (second stage of tumor promotion). Carcinogenesis, 10.91-96, 1989. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/10.1.91
FISCHER, S.M.; GLEASON, G.L.; BOHRMAN, J.S.; SLAGA, T.J. - Prostagiandin enhancement of skin tumor initiation and promotion. Adv Prostaglandin Thromboxane Res, 6:517-522, 1980.
VERMA, A.K.; ASHENDEL, C.L.; BOUTWELL, R.K. - Inhibition by prostagiandin synthesis inhibitors of the induction of epidermal ornithine decarboxyiase activity, the accumuiation of prostaglandins, and tumor promotion caused by 1 2-O-tetradecanoyiphorboi-1 3-acetate. Cancer Res, 40:308-315, 1980.
MARKS, F.; BERTSCH, S.; FÜRSTENBERGER, G. - Ornithine decarboxyiase activity, ceM prohferation, and tumor promotion in mouse epidermis in vivo. Cancer Res, 39:4183-4188, 1979.
PERCHELLET, J.P.; BOUTWELL, R.K. – Enhancement by 3-isobutyl-1 -methylxanthine and choiera toxin of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorboi-1 3-acetate-stimuiated cyclic nucieotide leveis and ornithine decarboxyiase activity in isoiated epidermal cells. Cancer Res, 402653-2660, 1980.
ASTRUP, E.G.; PAULSEN, J.E. - Changes in epidermal poiyamine biosynthesis and specific activity of DNA foUowing a singie apphcation of TPA to hairiess mouse skin. Carcinogenesis, 2:545-551, 1981. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/2.6.545
PAULSEN, J.E.; ASTRUP, E.G. - Effects of single apiiications of TPA, mezerein, or EPP on DNA synthesis and poiyamine leveis in hairiess mouse epidermis. Cancer Res, 43:4126-4131, 1983.
TAKIGAWA, M.; SIMSIMAN, R.C.; BOUIWELL, R.K. - Tumor promoter-induced refractory state against ornithine decarboxyiase induction by 1 2-O-tetradecanoyiphorboi-13-acetate in mouse skin. Cancer Res, 46.106-112, 1986.
VERMA, A.K.; PONG, R.; ERICKSON, D. – lnvolvement of protein kinase O activation in ornithine decarboxyiase gene expression in primary cuiture of newborn mouse epidermal cefls and in skin tumor promotion by 12-0-tetradecanoyiphorboi-1 3-acetate. Cancer Res, 46:6149-6155, 1986.
PERCHELLET, J.; ABNEY, N.L.; THOMAS, R.M.; GUISLAIN, Y.L.; PERCHELLET, E.M. - Effects of combined treatments with selenium, giutathione, and vitamin E on glutathion peroxidase activity, ornithine decarboxylase induction, and complete and muitistage carcinogenesis in mouse skin. Cancer Res, 47.477-485, 1987.
GILMOUR, S.K.; VERMA, A.J.; MADARA, T.; O'BRiEN, T.G. - Regulation of ornithine decarboxyiase gene expression in mouse epidermis and epidermal tumors during two-stage tumorigenesis. Cancer Res, 47:1221 - 1225, 1987.
MONKS, T.J.; WALKER, SE.; FLYNN, L.M. CONTI, C.J.; Dl GIOVANNI, J. - Epidermal ornithine decar-boxyiase induction and mouse skin tumor promotion by quinones. Carcinogenesis, 11:1795-1801, 1990. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/11.10.1795
GIMENEZ-CONTI, I.; VIAJE, A.; CHESNER, J.; CONTI, O.; SLAGA, T.J. - Induction of short-term markers of tumor promotion by organic peroxides. Carcinogenesis, 12.563-569, 1991. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/12.4.563
GILMOUR, S.K.; ROBERTSON, F.M.; MEGOSH, L.; O'CONNELL, S.M.; MITCHELL, J.; O'BRIEN, T.G. - Induction of ornithine decarboxyiase in specific sub-populations of murine epidermal cefls fotowing multiple exposures to 1 2-O-tetradecanoyiphorbol-1 3-acetate, mezerein and ethyl phenyipropioiate. Carcinogenesis, 13:51-56, 1992. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/13.1.51
VERMA, A.K.; BOUTWELL, R.K. - Vitamin A acid (retinoic acid) a potent inhibitor of 1 2-O-tetradecanoyiphorbol- 13-acetate induced ornithine decarboxyiase activity in mouse epidermis. Cancer Res, 37.2196-2201, 1977.
VERMA, A.K.; SHAPAS, B.G.; RICE, H.M.; BOUTWELL, R.K. - Correlation of the inhibition by retinoids of tumor promoter-induced mouse epidermal ornithine decarboxyiase activity and skin tumor promotion. Cancer Res, 39:419-425, 1979.
DAVIDSON, K.A.; SLAGA, T.J. - Effects of phorbol ester tumor promoters and hyperplasiogenic agents on
cytopiasmic giucocorticoid receptors in epidermis. J Invest Dermatol, 79278-382, 1982.
DAVIDSON, K.A.; SLAGA, T.J. - Glucocorticoid receptor levels in mouse skin after repetitive appliccations of TPA and mezerein. Cancer Res, 43.3847-3851, 1983.
TRAININ, N. - Adrenal imbaiance in mouse skin carcinogenesis. Cancer Res, 23.415-419, 1963.
VIAJE, A.; SLAGA, T.J.; WIGLER, M.; WEINSTEiN, I.B. - Effects of anti-inflammatory agents on mouse skin tumor promotion, epidermal DNA synthesis, phorbol ester-induced ceflular proliferation, and production of plasminogen activator. Cancer Res, 37:1530-1536, 1977.
SLAGA, T.J.; BOWDEN, G.T.; BOUTWELL, R.K. - Acetic acid, a potent stimulator of mouse epidermal macromolecular synthesis and hyperplasia but with weak tumor-promoting ability. JNCI, 55.983-987, 1975. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/55.4.983
SLAGA, TJ.; LICHTI, U.; HENNINGS, H.; ELGJO, K.; YUSPA, S.H. - Effect of tumor promoters and steroidal anti-inflammatory agents on skin of newborn mice in vivo and in vitro. JNCI, 60:425-431, 1978. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/60.2.425
SLAGA, T.J. - Anti-inflammatory steroids: potent inhibitors of tumor promotion. In: Siaga TJ, ed. Modifiers of chemical carcinogenesis: an approach to the biochemical mechanism and cancer prevention. New York: Raven Press, 1980, pp 111-126.
NELSON, K.G.; SLAGA, T.J. - Keratin modifications in epidermis, papillomas and carcinomas during two-stage carcinogenesis in the SENCAR mouse. Cancer Res, 42:4176-4181, 1982.
NELSON, K.G.; STEPHENSON, K.B.; SLAGA, T.J. - Protein modifications induced in mouse epidermis by potent and weak tumor-promoting hyperplasiogenic agents. Cancer Res, 42:4164-4175, 1982.
SCHWEIZER, J.; WINTER, H. - Changes in regional keratin polypeptide patterns during phorbol ester-mediasted reversible and permanently sustained hyperplasia of mouse epidermis. Cancer Res, 42:1517-1529, 1982.
GIACOMONI, P.U. - Onc-gene expression in hyper-plasia induced by tape stipping or by topical application of TPA. Br J Dermatol, 115(Suppl 31):128-32, 1986. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1986.tb02122.x
ROSE-JOHN, S.; FURSTENBERGER, G.; KRIEG, E; BESEMFELDER, E.; RINCKLE, G.; MARKS, E - Differential effects of phorbol esterson c-fos and c-myc and arnithine decarboxylase gene expression in mouse skin in vivo. Carcinogenesis, 9.831-835, 1988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/9.5.831
YAMASAKI, H. - Cell-cell interaction and carcinogenesis. Toxicol Pathol, 14.363-369, 1986. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/019262338601400313
FITZGERALD, D.J.; MURRAY, A.W. - Inhibition of intercellular communication by tumor-promoting phorbol esters. Cancer Res, 40(Pt 1).2935-2937, 1980.
LAWRENCE, N.J.; PARKINSON, E.K.; EMMERSON, A. - Benzoyl peroxide interferes with metabolic co-operation between cultured human epidermal keratinocytes. Carcinogenesis, 5:419-421, 1984. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/5.3.419
PITTS, J.D.; FINBOW, M.E.; KAM, E. -Junctional communication and ceilular differentiation. Br J Cancer, 58(Suppl IX).52-57, 1988.
TROSKO, J.E.; CHANG, CC.; MEDCALF, A. - Mechanisms of tumor promotion: potencial role of in-tercell ular communication. Cancer Invest, 1:511-526, 1983. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/07357908309020276
TROSKO, J.E.; CHANG, C.C. - Role of intercelular communication in tumor promotion. ln: Siaga TJ, ed. Mechanisms of tumor promotion. Celiular responses to tumor promoters. Boca Raton: CRC Press, pp 119-145, 1984.
YAMASAKI, H.; ENOMOTO, T; MARTEL, N. - Intercellular communication, celi differentiation and tumour promotion. IARC Sci Pubi, 56:217-238, 1984.
TROSKO, J.E. - Mechanisms of tumor promotion: possible role of inhibited interceliular communication. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol, 23.599-601, 1987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-5379(87)90252-5
YUSPA, S.H. - Molecular and cellular basis for tumor promotion in mouse skin. Int Symp Princess Takamatsu Cancer Res Fund, 14.315-326, 1983.
YUSPA, S.H.; BEN, T.; HENNINGS, H.; LICHTI, U. - Divergent responses in epidermal basal celis exposed to the tumor promoter TPA. Cancer Res, 42.2344-2349, 1982.
PARKINSON, E.K. - Defective responses of transformed keratinocytes to terminal differentiation stimuli.Their role in epidermal tumour promotion by phorbol esters and by deep skin wounding. Br J Cancer, 52:479- 493, 1985. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1985.219
DURÁN, H.A.; DE REY, B.M. - Differential oxidative stress induced by two different types of skin tumor promoters, benzoyl peroxide and 1 2-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol -1 3-acetate. Carcinogenesis, 12.2047-2052, 1991. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/12.11.2047
PENCE, B.C.; REINERS JR, J.J. - Murine epidermal xanthine oxidase activity: correlation with degree of hyperplasia induced by tumor promoters. Cancer Res, 47.5388-6392, 1987.
REINERS JR, J.J.; PENCE, B.C.; BARCUS, M.C.S.; CANTU, A.R. - 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-dependent induction of xanthine dehydrogenase and conversion to xanthine oxidase in murine epidermis. Cancer Res, 47:1775-1779, 1987.
REINERS JR. J.J.; THAI, G.; RUPP, T.; CANTU, A.R. - Assessment of the antioxidantl prooxidant status of murine skin following topical treatment with 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-1 3-acetate and throughout the ontogeny of skin cancer. Part 1: quantitation of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and xanthine oxidase. Carcinogenesis, 12:2337-2343, 1991. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/12.12.2337
CERUTTI, P.A. - Prooxidant states and tumor promotion. Science, 227375-381, 1985. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2981433
SLAGA, TJ.; KLEIN-SZANTO, A.J.P.; FISCHER, S.M.; WEEKS, C.E.; NELSON, K.; MAJOR, S. - Studies on mechanism of action of anti-tumor-promoting agents: their specificity in two-stage promotion. Proc Nati Acad Sci USA, 77:2251-2254, 1980. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.77.4.2251
FISCHER, S.M.; BADWIN, J.K. ADAMS, L.M. – Effects of anti-promoters and strain of mouse on tumor promoter-induced oxidants in murine epidermal cells. Carcinogenesis, 7.915-918, 1986. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/7.6.915
RAICK, A.N.; RITCHIE, A.C. - The fine structural changes induced in the epidermis by croton oil fraction A 1 and two stage carcinogenesis in mouse skin. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res, 12.66, 1971.
KINZEL, V.; LOEHRKE, H.; BOERTTLER, K.; FÜRSTENBERGER, G.; MARKS, F. - Suppression of the first stage of phorbol 1 2-tetradecanoate 13-acetate-effected tumor prornotion in mouse skin by nontoxic inhibition of DNA synthesis. Proc Nati Acad Sci USA, 81.5858-5862, 1984. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.81.18.5858
FÜRSTENBERGER, G.; SCHURICH, B.; KAINA, B.; PETRUVSKA, R.T.: FUSENIG, N.E.; MARKS, F. - Tumor induction in initited mouse skin by phorbol esters and methyl methanesulfonate: correlation between chromosomal damage and conversion (stage 1 of tumor promotion') in vivo. Carcinogenesis, 10:749-752, 1989. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/10.4.749
