Variáveis psicológicas influenciando o risco e o prognóstico do câncer: um panorama atual
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32635/2176-9745.RBC.1993v39n2.3019Palabras clave:
Surgimento do Câncer, Progressão do Câncer, Variáveis Psicológicas, Mediação FisiológicaResumen
Este artigo teve como objetivo levantar evidências da existência ou não de uma relação entre variáveis psicológicas e surgimento e progressão do câncer, através de uma revisão bibliográfica extensa sobre o assunto. A conclusão foi de que há fortes indícios da existência dessa associação, apesar dos problemas metodológicos inerentes a esse tipo de pesquisa e de um número relativamente pequeno de trabalhos disponíveis sobre o tema. As variáveis psicológicas enfatizadas consistiram de tipo de personalidade e estilos de confrontação com o câncer, por serem consideradas indicadores válidos no prognóstico do câncer e, portanto, por possuírem potencial valor prático. Foram também apresentadas pesquisas investigando os processos fisiológicos mediadores da relação variáveis psicológicas e câncer, salientando a importância dessa área de estudo na comprovação da existência dessa associação. Finalmente, algumas diretrizes foram traçadas, baseadas nas pesquisas discutidas no artigo, para o desenvolvimento mais eficaz de intervenções psicológicas e assessoramento às famílias dos pacientes com câncer e à equipe médica. Foi acentuado que essa eficácia é dirigida a uma ampliação do papel das intervenções psicológicas no sentido de contribuírem para o aumento da sobrevida do paciente.
Descargas
Citas
ALLPORT GW. Pattern and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston 1961
COX T, MACKAY C. Psychosocial factors and psychophysiological mechanisms in the aetiology and development of cancer. Soc Sci Med 1982; 16: 381-396. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(82)90048-X
ZONDERMAN AB, COSTA PT Jr. McCRAE RR. Depression as a risk for cancer morbidity and mortality in a nationally representative sample. JAMA 1989; 262: 1191-1195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.262.9.1191
SHAKIN EJ, HOLLAND J. Depression and pancreatic cancer. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 1988; 3: 194-198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0885-3924(88)90030-9
JAMISON RN, BURISH TG, WALLSTON KA. Psychogenetic factors in predicting survival of breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 1987; 5: 722-798. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1987.5.5.768
CASSILETH BR, LUSK EJ, MILLER DS. Psychological correlates of survival in advanced malignant disease. N Engi J Med 1985; 312: 1551-1555. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198506133122406
RAMIREZA, CRAIG TJ, WATSON JP, FENTIMEN IS. Stressand relapse in breast cancer. BMJ 1989; 298: 291-293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.298.6669.291
JONES DR, GOLDBLATT P0, LEON DA. Bereavement and cancer. Some data on deaths of spouses from the longitudinal study of office of Population Censuses and Surveys. BMJ 1984; 289: 461-464. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.289.6443.461
FUNCH DP, MARSHALL J. The role of stress, social support and age in survival from breast cancer. J Psychosom Res 1983; 27: 77-83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(83)90112-5
FRIEDMAN LC, BAER PE, NELSON DV, LANE M, SMITH FE, DWORKIN RJ. Women with breast cancer: Perception of Family functioning and adjustmentto illness. Psychosom Med 1988; 529- 533. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-198809000-00009
GOODWIN JS, HUNT WC, KEY CR, SAMET JM. The effect of marital status on stage, treatment and survival of cancer patients. JAMA 1987; 258: 3125-3128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1987.03400210067027
HISLOP GT, WAXLER NE, COLDMAN AJ, ELWOOD JM, KAN L. The prognostic significance of psychosocial factors in women with breast cancer, J Chronic Dis 987; 40: 729-735. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(87)90110-X
ROYAK-SCHALER R. Psychological processes in breast cancer: A review of selected research. J Psychosocial Oncol 1991; 9: 7 1-89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J077v09n04_05
LOVESTONE S, FAHYT. Psychological factors in breast cancer. BMJ 1991; 302:1219-1220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.302.6787.1219
WEST PM, BLUMBERG EM, ELLIS FW. An observed correlation between psychological factors and growth rate of cancer in man. Cancer Res 1952; 12: 306.
BACON CL, RENNEKER R, CUTLER M. A psychosomatic survey of cancer of the breast. Psychosomatic Medicine 1952; 14: 453. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-195211000-00003
BLUMBERG EM, WEST PM, ELLIS FW. A possible relationship between psychological factors and human cancer. Psychosom Med 1954; 16:277-286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-195407000-00001
GORZINSKI G, HOLLAND J, ZUMOFF B. A ten-year psychoendocrine follow-up of women studied before breast biopsy. 340 Encontro Anual da American Psychosomatic Society, Atlanta, março de 1977.
ROGENTINEGN, FOX BH, VANKAMMEN DP. Psychological and biological factors in the short term prognosis of malignant melanoma, 352 Encontro Anual da American Psychosomatic Society, Washington, DC, março de 1978.
DEROGATIS LR, ABELOFF MD, MELISARATOS N. Psychological copyng mechanisms and survival time in metastatic breast cancer. JAMA 1979; 242: 1504-1508. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.242.14.1504
GREER S, MORRIS T, PETTINGALE KW. Psychological response to breast cancer: Effect on outcome. Lancet 1979; 2: 785-787. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(79)92127-5
PETTINGALE KW, MORRIS T, GREER 5, HAYBITTLE JL. Mental atitudes to cancer: An additional prognostic factor. Lancet 1985; 1: 750. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(85)91283-8
GREER 5, MORRIS T, PETTINGALE KW, HAYBITTLE JL. Psychological response to breast cancer and fifteen year outcome. Lancet 1990; 335: 49-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(90)90173-3
LEVY SM, HERBERMAN RB, MALUISH AM, SCHLIEN B, LIPPMAN M. Prognostic risk assessment in primary breast cancer by behavioral and immunological parameters. Health Psychology 1985; 4:99-113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.4.2.99
HERBERMAN R, ORTALDO J. Natural killer cells: Their role in defenses against disease. Science 1981; 21: 24-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7025208
DEAN C, SURTEES PG. Do psychological factors predict survival in breast cancer? J Psychosom Res 1989; 33:561-569. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(89)90063-9
PETTINGALE KW, BURGESS C, GREER S. Psychological response to cancer diagnosis. 1 - Correlations with prognostic variables. J Psychosom Res 1988; 32: 255-261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(88)90066-9
BURGESS C, MORRIS T, PETTINGALE KW. Psychological response to cancer diagnosis. II – Evidence for coping styles (coping styles and cancer diagnosis). J Psychosom Res 1988; 32: 263-272. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(88)90067-0
LEVENSON JL, BEMIS C. The role of psychological factors in cancer onset and progression. Psychosomatics 1991; 32:124-132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3182(91)72083-5
GROSSARTH-MATICEK R, SCHMIDT P, VETER H. Psychotherapy research in oncology. In: Steptoe A. Mathews A., eds. Health Caro and Human Bohavior. London: Academic 1984.
SPIEGEL D, BLOOM JR, KRAEMER HC, GOTTHEIL E. Effects of psychosocial treatment on survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Lancet 1989; 2: 888-891. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(89)91551-1
FAWZY FI, COUSINS N, FAWZY WW. A structured psychiatric intervention for cancer patients. 1- Changes over time in methods of coping and affective disturbance. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47: 720-725. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810200028004
FAWZY FI, KEMENY ME, FAWZY W. A structered psychiatric intervention for cancer patients. II - Changes over time in immunologic measuros. Arch Gen Psychiatryl 990; 47: 729-735. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810200037005
FRIEDMAN HS, BOOTH-KEWLEY S. The "disease-prone personality": A meta-analytic view of the construct. Am Psychol 1987; 42: 539-555. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.42.6.539
JASMIN C, LÊ MG, MARTY P, HERZBERG R, PSyCHO-ONCOLOGIC GROUP. Evidence for a Iink between certain psychological factors and the risk of breast cancer na case-control study. Ann Oncol 1990; 1: 22-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.annonc.a057666
KIECOLT-GLASER JK, GLASER R, COMPREHENSIVE CANCER CENTER. Psychoneuroimmunology: Past, present, and futuro. Health Psychol 1989; 8:677-682. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.8.6.677
KIECOLT-GLASER JK, GLASER R. Psychological influences on mmunity: lmplications for AIDS. Am Psychol 1988; 43: 892-898. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.43.11.892
STEIN M, KELLER SE, SCHLEIFER SJ. Stress and immunomodulation: The role of dopression and neuroendócrino function. J lmmunol 1985; 135: 8275-833s. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.135.2.827
MCKINNON W, WEISSE CS, REYNOLDS CP, BOWLES CA, BAUM A. Chronic stress, leukocyte subpopulations, and humoral response to latont viruses. Health Psychol 1989; 8: 389-402. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.8.4.389
HOLLAND JC. Behavioral and psychosocial risk factors in cancer human studies. In: Holland J.C., Rowland J. H., eds. Handbook of Psycho-oncology. New York: 0xford University Press 1989: 612-627.
LEVY SM, HERBERMAN RB, WHITESIDE T. Perceived social support and tumor estrogen/progesterone receptor status as predictors of natural killer cell activity in breast cancer patients. Psychosom Med 1990; 52: 73-85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199001000-00006
KIECOLT-GLASERJK, GLASER R, STRAIN E, STOUTJ, TARR K, HOLLIDAY J. Modulation of cellular immunity in medical students. J Bohav Med 1986; 9: 5-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00844640
KIECOLT-GLASER JK, GLASER A, WILLINGER D, STOUT J, MESSICK G, SHEPPARD S. Psychosocial enhancernent of immunocompetence in a geriatric population. Health Psychol 1985; 4:25-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.4.1.25
PENNEBAKER JW, KIECOLT-GLASER JK, GLASER A. Disclosure of traumas immunofunction: Health implications for psychoterapy. J Consult Clin Psychol 1988; 56: 239-245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.2.239
LEVY S, HEBERMAN R, LIPPMAN M. Correlation of stress factors with sustained depressiori of natural killer activity and predicted prognosis in patients with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1987; 5: 348-353. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1987.5.3.348
