Osteonecrosis de los Maxilares Relacionada con Medicamentos en Pacientes Oncológicos en un Hospital Escuela del Sur del Brasil: Estudio Observacional Retrospectivo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32635/2176-9745.RBC.2026v72n4.5802Palabras clave:
Osteonecrosis de la Arcada Oseodental Asociada a bifosfonatos/tratamiento farmacológico, Perfil de Salud, Conservadores de la Densidad Ósea, Ácido ZoledrónicoResumen
Introducción: La osteonecrosis de los maxilares asociada a medicamentos se presenta como un efecto adverso importante relacionado con la terapia con fármacos antirresortivos y antiangiogénicos. Objetivo: Describir el perfil clínico y epidemiológico de pacientes oncológicos con osteonecrosis asociada a medicamentos en el Hospital Escuela de la Universidad Federal de Pelotas/HU BRASIL. Método: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo y transversal, con una muestra de conveniencia, en el que la recolección de datos se realizó a partir de historias clínicas electrónicas. Resultados: Se evaluaron 112 pacientes atendidos entre los años 2017 y 2024, de los cuales el 56,25% (n=63) era de sexo femenino y el 43,75% (n=49) de sexo masculino. El promedio de edad de los pacientes fue 64,04 años (DE: ± 12,19). Los sitios tumorales primarios más frecuentes fueron mama y próstata. El ácido zoledrónico (Zometa® 4 mg) fue el fármaco utilizado por el 94,64% (n=106) de los pacientes. La prevalencia de osteonecrosis fue del 19,63% (n=22); se observó el estadio 2 en el 45,45% (n=10) de la muestra, y la causa más común fue la extracción dental en el 50% (n=11) de los casos. Conclusión: De esta manera, entre los pacientes con osteonecrosis relacionada con medicamentos, se observó un predominio de individuos mayores de 60 años, siendo los hombres los más afectados. Los estadios avanzados de la enfermedad fueron los más frecuentes, el ácido zoledrónico fue el fármaco más utilizado y los factores de riesgo evaluados no mostraron significación estadística.
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