Early Detection of Oral Cancer in Latin America: Where Are We and Where Are We Going?

Abstract

Introduction: Oral cancer remains a major global public health problem, with a particularly significant impact in Latin America and Brazil, where incidence and mortality remain high. Early detection improves prognosis, although most cases are still diagnosed at advanced stages. Objective: To synthesize and critically analyze early detection strategies for oral cancer in Brazil and other Latin American countries, focusing on current approaches, limitations, and perspectives. Methods: Integrative review of the literature and regional experiences addressing early detection strategies, including analysis of current practices and structural challenges. Results: Current initiatives rely mainly on visual examination of the oral cavity and sporadic awareness campaigns, with limited use of adjunctive technologies and insufficient targeting of high-risk groups. Multisectoral barriers — including low public awareness, inadequate professional training, weak integration between primary and specialized care, and fragile health information systems — contribute to delayed diagnosis. Marked regional heterogeneity is observed, with structured initiatives in a few countries and fragmented actions in settings with lower healthcare capacity. Conclusion: Advancing opportunistic detection strategies requires integrated models combining strengthened primary care, clear referral protocols, telehealth, artificial intelligence, and effective tobacco and alcohol control policies. Targeting high-risk groups and developing risk prediction models may improve efficiency and reduce inequalities.