Evaluación del Dolor y Factores Asociados en Pacientes Sometidas a Tratamiento Quirúrgico por Cáncer de Mama: Estudio Transversal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32635/2176-9745.RBC.2025v71n4.5244Palabras clave:
Neoplasias de la Mama, Dolor Postoperatorio, Dimensión del Dolor, Factores de RiesgoResumen
Introducción: El dolor es una complicación frecuente después de la cirugía para el tratamiento del cáncer de mama y puede surgir debido a factores biológicos, psicológicos y sociales, requiriendo una evaluación y tratamiento multidimensionales. Su impacto funcional es significativo, afectando las actividades diarias y la movilidad de los miembros. Objetivo: Verificar la prevalencia del dolor, caracterizarlo y analizar los factores asociados a su intensidad en pacientes sometidas a tratamiento quirúrgico por cáncer de mama. Método: Estudio transversal realizado entre marzo de 2021 y marzo de 2022, en Belém, Pará, Brasil. Se utilizó un cuestionario estructurado para recopilar datos sociodemográficos, clínicos y de estilo de vida de pacientes en el período posoperatorio de cirugía por cáncer de mama. El dolor fue evaluado cualitativamente mediante el Cuestionario de Dolor de McGill. Se realizó una regresión lineal múltiple para identificar los factores asociados con la intensidad del dolor, utilizando el índice general de dolor del instrumento de McGill como variable dependiente. Se adoptó un nivel de significación del 5% para todos los análisis estadísticos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 48 pacientes en el posoperatorio de cirugía mamaria, con una edad promedio de 53,64±11,64 años. De ellas, el 85% había recibido quimioterapia, el 58,3% se sometió a mastectomía y el 62,5% refirió dolor en el momento de la evaluación. La intensidad del dolor se asoció negativamente con el consumo de alcohol (p = 0,04) y positivamente con la inactividad física (p = 0,02), la presencia de comorbilidades (p = 0,02), la positividad ganglionar (p = 0,03) y el tiempo posoperatorio (p = 0,03). Conclusión: Se observó que la mayoría de los pacientes presentaron dolor agudo y moderado en el posoperatorio y su intensidad se asoció al estilo de vida, características clínicas y quirúrgicas.
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